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<title>Normalhöhennull</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><i>Normalhöhennull</i></span>

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<p><i><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Normalhöhennull</i></span></b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa">[nɔʁmaːlˈhøːənˌnʊl]</span>, "standard elevation zero") or <b>NHN</b> is a <a href="Vertical_datum" title="Vertical datum">vertical datum</a> used in Germany.

</p><p>In geographical terms, NHN is the <a href="Plane_of_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane of reference">reference plane</a> for the <a href="Normal_height" title="Normal height">normal height</a> of a topographical eminence <a href="Height_above_mean_sea_level" title="Height above mean sea level">height above mean sea level</a> used in the 1932 German Mean Height Reference System (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsches Haupthöhennetz</i></span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plane is in the shape of a quasi-<a href="Geoid" title="Geoid">geoid</a>. The reference height is a <a href="Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodetic</a>, fixed point on the New Church of St. Alexander at <a href="Wallenhorst" title="Wallenhorst">Wallenhorst</a> in the German state of <a href="Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>. The <a href="Geopotential_height" title="Geopotential height">geopotential height</a> of this point was calculated in 1986 as part of the United European Levelling Network (UELN), based on the <a href="Amsterdam_Ordnance_Datum" title="Amsterdam Ordnance Datum">Amsterdam Ordnance Datum</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>

<p>The NHN plane is a theoretical reference plane. It is derived by deducting <a href="Normal_height" title="Normal height">normal heights</a> from the normal <a href="Plumb_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Plumb line">plumb line</a>. The difference between the resulting quasi-geoid and the <a href="Reference_ellipsoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference ellipsoid">reference ellipsoid</a> is called the height anomaly or quasi-geoid height.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Change-over_from_NN_to_NHN">Change-over from NN to NHN</h2></div>

<p>Since 1 January 2000 the whole of Germany has changed its height system over to <a href="Normal_height" title="Normal height">normal heights</a> based on the <a href="Datum_(geodesy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Datum (geodesy)">datum</a> of the <a href="Amsterdam_Ordnance_Datum" title="Amsterdam Ordnance Datum">Amsterdam Ordnance Datum</a>, known as the German Mean Height Reference System, DHHN92. At the same time, the new NHN is the basis of the United European Levelling Net (UELN), formerly known as the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Reseau Européen Unifié de Nivellement</i></span></i> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">REUN</i></span>, which standardises the height systems of the European countries. Heights in this system are given in <b> meters above NHN</b> or <b>m (NHN)</b>.

</p><p>The NHN was introduced because for heights above <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Normalnull" title="Normalnull">Normalnull</a></i></span> the actual <a href="Earth's_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's gravity">gravitational field of the Earth</a> was not taken into account. As a result, there were changes in both the old West German <a href="Geodesy" title="Geodesy">normal orthometric heights</a> (new methods of calculation) and the normal heights of East Germany (with respect to the Amsterdam Datum). The elevations differed — depending on location — by 0.06 to 0.16 m. As a result of new measurements as part of the changeover, however, variations of 0.59 m (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Zugspitze" title="Zugspitze">Zugspitze</a></i></span>) have surfaced.<sup id="cite_ref-LVG_3-2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LVG_3-2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Older <a href="Cartographic_relief_depiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographic relief depiction">relief maps</a> often show heights above the old reference planes. Current maps by the federal survey authorities are based on NHN.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of 2013 most of the federal states (except Berlin, Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt) had complete coverage by the new digital topographic mapping at 1:25,000 scale (DTK). Not all the maps have appeared in print yet.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the DTK25 maps, NHN is used for elevations; however, on the DTK25-V scanned topographic maps <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Höhennull</i></span> (HN) and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Normalnull" title="Normalnull">Normalnull</a></i></span> (NN) are still being used.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_East_German_height_system">Old East German height system</h2></div>

<p>In <a href="German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">East Germany</a> normal heights used to be referred to as heights above <b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Höhennormal</i></span></b> or <b>HN</b>. The 1958 Kronstadt Tide Gauge (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kronstädter Pegel</i></span></i>) was used as the datum. The new NHN heights are typically 12–15 cm higher. The maximum deviations in the <a href="Spirit_level" title="Spirit level">spirit level</a> points of first order are between 7 and 16 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bkg.bund.de/nn_159884/EN/FederalOffice/Geodesy/RefSys/NatRefHeight/EN__Height02__node.html__nnn=true"><i>The German Height Reference System</i></a> at www.bkg.bund.de. Retrieved on 14 February 2010.</span>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vermessung.bayern.de/file/pdf/2063/kundeninformation_09_03.pdf">"Kundeninformationn 3/2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). <a href="Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Vermessung_und_Geoinformation_Bayern" class="mw-redirect" title="Landesamt für Vermessung und Geoinformation Bayern">Landesamt für Vermessung und Geoinformation Bayern</a>. September 2009. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Response by the <a href="Bundesamt_f%C3%BCr_Kartographie_und_Geod%C3%A4sie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie">Federal Office for Cartography and Geodesy</a> of 13 November 2012 to this specific question.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geodatenzentrum.de/isoinfo/Iso_Prod_Ueber.iso_ueber_produkt?prodid=11&iso_spr_id=1&iso_spr_web=1">geodatenzentrum.de</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029221636/http://www.geodatenzentrum.de/isoinfo/Iso_Prod_Ueber.iso_ueber_produkt?prodid=11&iso_spr_id=1&iso_spr_web=1">Archived</a> 2013-10-29 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adv-online.de/icc/extdeu/binarywriterservlet?imgUid=3ab60d30-b338-9eff-de33-50376a112976&uBasVariant=11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111">adv-online.de</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bkg.bund.de/nn_159228/DE/Bundesamt/Geodaesie/Refsys/NatRefHoehe/Hoehe02__node.html__nnn=true">"Höhenreferenzsysteme"</a>. Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crs-geo.eu/nn_124396/crseu/EN/CRS__Description/crs-national__node.html?__nnn=true">Description of NHN system</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183226/http://www.crs-geo.eu/nn_124396/crseu/EN/CRS__Description/crs-national__node.html?__nnn=true">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lverma.nrw.de/aufgaben/landesvermessung/grundlagen/dhhn92/DHHN92.htm">LVA NRW: DHHN 92</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080415212927/http://www.lverma.nrw.de/aufgaben/landesvermessung/grundlagen/dhhn92/DHHN92.htm">Archived</a> 15 April 2008 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bkg.bund.de/nn_159150/DE/Bundesamt/Geodaesie/Refsys/NatRefHoehe/Hoehe__node.html__nnn=true">BKG: Height reference systems</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-07-23" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Normalh%C3%B6hennull&oldid=1236115727">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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